![]() When using both classes of gesture, gorillas paid specific attention to the attentional state of their audience. ![]() gestures derived from species-typical displays, were used as intentionally and almost as flexibly as gestures whose form was consistent with learning by ritualization. Many gestures whose form ruled out such an origin, i.e. No support was found for the ontogenetic ritualization hypothesis as the chief means of acquisition of gestures. Six gestures appeared to be traditions within single social groups, but overall concordance in repertoires was almost as high between as within social groups. Indications of cultural learning were few, though not absent. Only one gesture was idiosyncratic to a single individual, and was given only to humans. Most repertoire differences between individuals and sites were explicable as a consequence of environmental affordances and sampling effects: overall gesture frequency was a good predictor of universality of occurrence. ![]() This indicated a repertoire of 102 gesture types. Cases of potential gesture use, totalling 9,540, were filtered by strict criteria for intentionality, giving a corpus of 5,250 instances of intentional gesture use. Social groups of gorillas were observed in three captive facilities and one African field site. ![]()
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